Wednesday, 13 November 2013

【Sherry】Doctor Who——The longest drama in the world

Introduction:

Doctor Who, as we know, is a significant part of British popular culture and a long-running science-fiction TV drama. It has been broadcast more than 52 countries of the world during 1963 to 1989, although it has been suspended in 1989, it also got a high reputation for 26 seasons and when the "Doctor" came back in 2005, 7 series have been added to the old one.
The story of this drama is full of image: An adventures of a Time Lord—a time-travelling humanoid alien known as the Doctor. He explores the universe in his TARDIS. Along with a succession of companions, the Doctor faces a variety of foes while working to save civilisations, help ordinary people, and right wrongs.
There are 12 actors play the role as the "Doctor", the transition from one to another is shown as "regeneration".

1.Analysis of British Elements:

Doctor Who is totally British, we can easily found plenty of British elements in the drama.
Settings: Most settings are made in British, because actually this drama was designed as an educating one for teenagers at the beginning , it was divided to two parts, some episodes were happened in ancient time and taught the knowledge of history, other episodes were happened in future and taught science.But for years,the science part became more dominant and replaced the history one. But some settings still historied in British.
Symbol:There are the most famous symbol of Doctor Who all over the world——TARDIS——the time machine of the Doctor, which is printed every where on advertisement poster and merchandise even on T-shirts.It is appear like a blue British police box, which is a common site in UK
Actors:The actors of Doctor Who are all British people and some characteristics such as the Prime minister of UK, Queen Victoria are full of British feature.At the same time ,some British famous people and actors are invited to be the guest performer in some episode.
Fashion: It is a wide topic to analyse British fashion elements in the drama, for example, some actress in the drama wear a costumes with British national flag and there are many famous band play the theme music for Doctor Who, some of them are British band.
Moran Caitline, a famous broadcast and TV critic said that"Doctor Who, is a thrilling and as loved as Jolene, or bread and cheese, or honey suckle, or Friday.It's quintessential to being British."


2.Evaluation of Popularity: 

Some critics watched Doctor Who sines they were a little child, it influenced several generations of both culture areas and financial areas."Saturday is the family time for Doctor Who,of course,children watched it behind sofa because some scenes are thrilling but still attractive."One of the critic remembered .
Because of the popularity through the world, some merchandise about Doctor Who have been produced like the mug, wallet, T-shirt with the TARDIS and so on. Many actors of the Doctor also set up the charity career for the children in need.
For the culture areas, it plus living theaters in early time,adds other drama series like K-9 and Trochwood,documentary films about the history of Doctor Who, online games, novel, audios drama series and so on.It also lead the cultural references, for example there are several cities in UK have museums and exhibitions of Doctor Who,Glasgow,Newcastle and of course London."The museum of Moving Image" is the theme.
There is an interesting point that the word "TARDIS" entry into the Oxford English Dictionary as an vocabulary now.
The famous director Steven Spielberg has comment that"The world would be a poorer place without Doctor Who."

3.Assessment of Longevity:

Another important feature of Doctor Who is its longevity,which made a record of the world's longest science-fiction drama in Ginniess book.
It also received as the finest drama in the world especially after 2005.The awards of this drama included many areas such as "the Best Writing(1975),the Best Popular Drama(1996),100 Greatest British Television Programmes of the 20th century(2000),and "National Television Awards" (2005-2010),and so on.
I think its longevity is for many reasons.
fund:the drama use the low-budget but creative special effect that donnot need a huge invest and can be produced by the independent production company like BBC and CBC for many years.
audience:both viewing numbers and public perceptions are good, because they designed as the family drama that can be watched by several generations and donnot have the generation gap in it, even when it be suspended in 1989 and came back in 2005, the new stories and characteristics still followed the old one.
stories:most longevity drama have to face this problem that when it broadcast more than 6 or 7 seasons, the stories would become bored and less of dramatic and image. But because Doctor Who's story is happened in future, so it could be more image and fresh to the audience.
The time to broadcast is also important and because Doctor Who has been broadcast for more than 30 years,it is not only a TV drama, but also an important part of British popular culture, even in the world.
 if you are interested in this programm, 
                click :http://www.bbc.co.uk/doctorwho/






Thursday, 7 November 2013

Let’s start Question Time - Elise


Let’s start Question Time - Elise

Q1: What is the Question Time?

Question Time is a Political Topical Debate Show on BBC Channel One. Its original Country is United Kingdom and this programme broadcast in English. The Question Time is start from 1979 until now. Each episode runs 60 minutes. All of the shows are filmed around the Britain.

Q2: Who are the people sitting there?


       Basically,they are the presenter,5 panellists and audience.
For the presenter, there are 3 presenters who have presented this show and current one is a gentleman called David Dimblely. Two of them, Peter Sissons and David Dimblely do not have a specific political position.
Moreover, there are used to 4 panellists in the programme and there are 5. 3 of them from each of the three major parties(Conservatives, Labour and Liberal Democrats), another public figure (non-governmental organization), another non-partisan member or leading member of a 4th political party.
In addition, if you want to be an audience for this TV show, you need to experience a really careful selection by the BBC producer. It is simple for you to apply, and what you need to do is just click this link: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-17154440 and fill up a form which will ask you some personal details and political questions. Then you can just wait for the phone call and E-mail.

Q3: What question are they asked? Is the question planned?

Since BBC producers really want find people who are keen to argue and debate with the panel group during show, all the questions are from the audience before the show start. And David Dimblely often emphasize that ‘I swear to God, they do not know what questions are until they’re asked them by audience.’ People who are selected by the producers need to ask questions, they will do a short briefing in the corner.

Q4: Is the programme live? If not, is there any censorship?

This programme is not live but it recorded in front of the audience. Usually the recording will be down in a single take in order to precise it as a live broadcasting. From the BBC website, they said that ‘Some exchanges occasionally have to be edited out for legal or taste/decency reasons.’ It means this TV show got censorship and it has done by the producer.

Q5: Is any other way I can interact with the show?

Of course yes, it has a SMS contribution and twitters. You can send a SMS during the programme and a team of 4 journalists will select 10 of them to put show off the TV.

Q6: Is the programme neutral? Or can be trusted?

My answer is no. According to by Van Zoonen (2005)’s argument, the role television itself has some negative influence on citizenship. TV Programme has destroyed the trust between audience and politicians because there is many politicians’ action do not correspond with their words. In addition, from the a report by Daily Mail, there is a Director from Question Time called Mark Thompson admit that BBC dose have bias, especially on the selection for audience and questions. Moreover, a magazine named New Statement illustrates some statistics about consists of panel group. It is said that there is a wise balanced on them but the study need to be continued. However, from the BBC website, we can know that this programme gets some censorship and it is not live. To exaggerate, the producer can edit out whatever they want, and the producer choses carefully for the audience and questions. It means they can almost control everything.


Q7: What is the role of the Question Time in British Politics?

According to the article from Nick Anstead and Ben O’Loughlin (2011), it is said that the Question time is not only an ‘institution’ which means part of British current affairs broadcasting setup, but also an important political event of note that can attract many political figure to gather together every week. Additionally, it has a wide influence on the Newspaper, Radio, and Social Media on Internet. British like to talk about the panel’s performance or issues they debate on. All the literacy delivered from the show can help to form people’s political identity.

Reference List:
       Study and Research
Nick Ansted , Ben O’Loughlin (2011). ‘The Emerging Viewertariat and BBC     Question Time - Television Debate and Real-Time Commenting Online’, In: The International Journal of Press/Politics. vol. 16, No.4 pp.440-462                   http://hij.sagepub.com.ezproxy.sussex.ac.uk/content/16/4/440.full.pdf+html


       Audience Information:
  Unknown. (2012). ‘Join the Question Time Audience’, Available from:                                               http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/ukpolitics-17154440 [Last Accessed 24.2.2012]

  Unknown. (2012). ‘My Question Time Experience’, Available from:                                                    http://www.latentexistence.me.uk/my-question-time-experience[LastAccessed 12.10.2012]

  Unknown. (2010). ‘Was the Question Time audience hand picked by the BBC’,                      Available from:                                                                    http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20091023081437AADF4yQ[Last Accessed 2010]

  Unknown. (2005). ‘Question Time for Question Time’, Available from:                                              http://news.bbc.co.uk/newswatch/ukfs/hi/newsid_4200000/newsid_4202800/4202877.stm
                   [Last Accessed 26.1.2005]

       Experience(Blog, Website, News Site)
 Unknown. (2012). ‘BBC Question Time – Tips for Appearing in the                                                        Audience’, Available from:
      [Last Accessed  6.5.2012]

  Unknown. (2012). ‘A student’s experience on Question Time’, Available from:http://nottspolitics.org/2012/12/05/a-students-experience-on-question-time/[Last Accessed  5.12.2012]

   Unknown. (2010).My‘BBC Question Time' Audience Experience’, Available from:http://guythemac.com/2010/05/02/my-bbc-question-time-audience-experience/
     [Last Accessed  2.5.2010]

       Basic Information

       Peer Review
Goselett, M. (2012). ‘Question Time does have bias, says BBC as it is revealed areas where episodes are filmed are researched’, Available from:                        http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2193652/Question-Time-does-bias-says-BBCrevealed-areas-episodes-filmed-researched.html[Last Accessed  25.8.2012]

   Phil Burton-Cartledge. (2012). ‘Is there bias on BBC Question Time’, Available from:                  http://www.newstatesman.com/broadcast/2012/11/there-bias-bbc-question-time
       [Last Accessed  26.11.2012]

Friday, 18 October 2013

Ghost Town--Review by Jessica



Ghost Town is a 1981 song by the British ska band The Specials. The song spent three weeks at number one and ten weeks in the top 40of the UK Singgles Chart. Addressing thems of urban decay, deindustrialsation,unemployment and violencein inner cities, the song is remembered for being a hit at the same time as riots were occuring in British cities. As such, it is remenmbered as a major piece of popular social commentary.

The melody of Ghost Town indeed is like the OST of ghost film. When I only listen to the melody itself of this music, I don’t know what the band wanted to express. Why they used music to build a strange and mystsrious atmosphere? This makes me think of Tim Burton’s gothic films. But after I listened to the lyrics of the music, I got that the band express their complain of a town. The town is inanimate and no entertainment, no hope and happiness. They miss the life in previous time in the town. The important point to understand this music is that it express government had a bad attitude to youth. This is a clear and strong attitude of the band to the country. This is very different from current popular music with love topics. In China some rock bands express their attitude to the society, however, these kind of music is often not popular. I’m curious about the impact of this music in the UK. And it is amazing that the song spent three weeks at number one and 10 weeks in the top 40 of theUK Singles Chart.I think it must give listeners of UK a strong sense of identity. Indeed, it records of the event of 1981 riots!

The club setting the for the B-side song, “Friday Night, Saturday Morning” is now Coventry Central Library.

The song’s sparse lyrics address urban decay, unemployment and violence in inner cities. On 2nd April, 1980, less than a year into Margaret Thatcher's tenure as Prime Minister, public anger about police racism and rising unemployment led to a riot in the St Paul's district of Bristol that resulted in 130 arrests and 25 people ending up in hospital. Then, in the Autumn of that same year, while Coventry-based ska band the Specials were in the middle of a UK tour, keyboardist Jerry Dammers was so appalled to see old women trying to make ends meet by selling household possessions on the streets of Glasgow that, with the Bristol riot and rising neo-Nazism serving as the backdrop, he began penning lyrics about a sense of impending disaster that surrounded such scenes of civil unrest and urban decay.


Once the song reached number 1, Chrysalis Records produced a video to accompany the song. The video consisted of the band driving a Vauxhall Cresta around empty streets in London, particularly the financial district in the City of London, and Southwark.


Lyrics of Ghost Town:
This town, is coming like a ghost town
All the clubs have been closed down
This place, is coming like a ghost town
Bands won't play no more
too much fighting on the dance floor

Do you remember the good old days
Before the ghost town?
We danced and sang,
And the music played inna de boomtown

This town, is coming like a ghost town
Why must the youth fight against themselves?
Government leaving the youth on the shelf
This place, is coming like a ghost town
No job to be found in this country
Can't go on no more
The people getting angry

This town, is coming like a ghost town
This town, is coming like a ghost town
This town, is coming like a ghost town
This town, is coming like a ghost town 


The Italian Job (1969) ― review by Saaya



The Italian Job 
directed by Peter Collinson

Story: After Charlie Croker was released from prison, he was asked to steal $4 million gold bullion in Italy by Beckerman who was killed by Italian mafia. So he plans and tries it with his companions by means of causing the traffic jam. However, because of Italian police and mafia, it is not easy to make a success of his plan,...





I would like to talk about the composition of 'British v.s. Italy'. In this film, there are some components of it.

1. Car

Famous and popular cars are found in this film.

British Car: Mini, Jaguar, Aston Martin
Italian Car: FIAT 500, Lamborghini, Alfa Romeo



Famous scene is the car chase of Mini and Alfa Romeo. Mini is said British symbol of the 1960s. The team of main characters ride Mini whose colours are red, white, and blue, and it expresses the Union Jack. On the other hand, Alfa Romeo is said Italian icon because it was success for both aspects of sports and commerce in 1960s. It is used as the police car. 






2. British Gang and Italian Mafia


At the beginning of this film, the man, who was a original planer of the robbery of the gold bullion, was killed by Italian Mafia. Then, Italian Mafia tries to inhibit Charlie and his team from stealing.


Charlie's line

"You'll be making a grave error if you kill us. There are a quarter of a million Italians in Britain, and they'll be made to suffer. Every restaurant, cafe, ice-cream parlour, gambling den and nightclub in London, Liverpool and Glasgow.....will be smashed. Mr. Bridger will drive them into the sea"


Boss of Italian Mafia, Altabani's line

"Well Gentleman... it's a long walk back to England... and it's that way"

These two lines show the confrontation between British and Italy clearly.

3. FIAT

Charlie and his team planed to steal from FIAT which is one of the representative car company of Italy. 

Next, I want to focus on the character.

The most impressive character for me is Mr. Bridger. He is a boss of English Gang, and he is in prison. However, he has an absolute authority and people obey him, even if the prison officer. Moreover, he is a patriot, and really loves and respects Her Majesty Queen, so there are lots of pictures of Queen on the wall in his room. Its interesting point is that Noël Peirce Coward played a role in Mr. Bridger, because Noël Peirce Coward avoided to love his country seriously. 

Furthermore, Mr. Bridger's attitude is like the nobility, particularly at the scene that he was applauded by people in prison. (In this scene, the way to applaud is also impressive, because it is similar to cheering the football team.)  


Noël Peirce Coward (1899-1973)
・British actor, composer, lyric writer, director, and playwright



I really enjoyed watching this film. The scene of car chase is worth seeing, I think, and also its songs are good. I hummed the main song unintentionally after i finished watching, and still remember it! This film was remade in 2003 in America, so I want to watch and compare between British and American version.







The Italian Job official web site: http://www.theitalianjob.com/index.htm

Italian Job theme with lyrics: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HbeXL6AXmi0

Thursday, 17 October 2013

War Pigs

If you watch Iron Man, you should heard of the world famous English heavy metal band Black Sabbath.




Black Sabbat
War Pigs, another song they made in 1970, is a famous anti-war song.
This song also have strong rhythm, full of passion and energy. As if it can explode at anytime.
Bassist Geezer Butler has said that the song was "totally against the Vietnam War, about how these rich politicians and rich people start all the wars for their benefit and get all the poor people to die for them". But the lead singer of Black Sabbath denied, stating that the group "knew nothing about Vietnam. It's just an anti-war song."
I have been playing it for a whole evening. The strong rhythm and lyrics denounced the war.
The general meaning of the song is to anti-war, which support the demonstration in America against the Vietnam War. So I think this song is based on real event.








If you are interested in this song, click play and enjoy it below~




Lyrics

Generals gathered in their masses
Just like witches at black masses
Evil minds that plot destruction
Sorcerers of death's construction
In the fields the bodies burning
As the war machine keeps turning
Death and hatred to mankind
Poisoning their brainwashed minds, oh lord yeah!

Politicians hide themselves away
They only started the war
Why should they go out to fight?
They leave that role to the poor,yeah!

Time will tell on their power minds
Making war just for fun
Treating people just like pawns in chess
Wait 'till their judgement day comes, yeah!

Now in darkness, world stops turning
Ashes were the bodies burning
No more war pigs of the power
Hand of god has sturck the hour
Day of judgement, god is calling
On their knees, the war pigs crawling
Begging mercy for their sins
Satan, laughing, spreads his wings
Oh lord yeah!








Tuesday, 15 October 2013

【Sherry】“London calling, yeah, I was there, too” ——opinions of "London Calling"


London Calling is a famouse song that included in the third studio album by English punk rock band The Clash. It was released in UK on 14 December 1979 through CBS Records. The album represented a change in The Clash's musical style, featuring elements ofska, funk, pop, soul, jazz, rockabilly, and reggae more prominently than in their previous two albums.The album's subject matter included social displacement, unemployment, racial conflict, drug use, and the responsibilities of adulthood. The album received unanimously positive reviews and was ranked at number eight on Rolling Stone's list of The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time in 2003. London Calling was a top ten album in the UK, and its lead single "London Calling" was a top 20 single song. It has sold over five million copies worldwide, and was also certified platinum in the United States. 



Listen to it now, click → (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EfK-WX2pa8c )


To talk about the story of lyrics, I found some background informations about Lodon and UK in 1970s : (this is a picture of Lodon in 1979 )
The 1970s was a traumatic decade for London. Changes in global trade disrupted all sectors of the economy. As docks and factories closed, so inner city London developed a landscape of dereliction and decay. The IRA bombing campaign brought fear to the capital's streets. The population was shrinking and unemployment rising. Some people predicted that London was dying. 

Londoners grew more assertive about their rights. The Equal Pay Act and a tougher Race Relations Act, had brought better conditions, in theory, for women and ethnic minority Londoners. But industrial relations worsened, along with other social tensions. A prolonged and bitter strike at the Grunwick film processing plant in Willesdon in 1976 was one of many London events that played out the decade's conflicts in front of the world's media.

By the mid 1970s more than half of the inner-city docks had closed and the docks workforce had fallen to under 10,000, a third of what it had been 20 years earlier. Jobs in manufacturing industry also disappeared at an unprecedented and alarming rate. Unemployment in London rose from 196,000 people (3.6% of the workforce) in 1971 to nearly 400,000 (7.2% of the workforce) in 1976. 

By the end of the decade manufacturing's share of London's economy had fallen from 32% to 19%. Overall, service jobs now outnumbered manufacturing jobs by a considerable margin. 24% of London's jobs were in public services and 16% in finance, industry and banking.




So , the lyrics of London Calling is like a “cry out” of the dying London in 20th century. I believe that punk rock music is the most direct way to express people’s inner world feelings and it is also a reflection of social issues. The song focoused attention on the social issues, although it hopeless, still crying it out. “London calling, yeah, I was there, too”. 





Monday, 14 October 2013

White Riot --- Review By Elise


White Riot
----- The future is unwritten
Portfolio

Name: The Clash

Origin: London

Years: 1976 -1986

Labels: CBS

Genres: British Punk, Punk Rock, New wave (tried Reggae, Dub, Rap etc.)

Member: Principal
    Joe Strummer (lead vocals, rhythm guitar) -> 1976 - 1986
                   Mick Jones (lead guitar, vocals) -> 1976 - 1983
                   Paul Simonon (bass guitar, vocals) -> 1976 - 1986
                   Nicky Topper Headon (drums, Percussion) -> 1977 - 1982
 Others:
                   Terry Chimes - > 1976, 1977, 1982 - 1983
                   Keith Levene -> 1976
                   Rob Harper -> 1976 – 1977
                   Pete Howard -> 1983 – 1986
                   Nick Sheppard -> 1983 – 1986
                   Vince White -> 1983 – 1986


Albums:
                   1977 The Clash [UK]
                   1978 Give ‘em Enough Rope
                   1979 The Clash [US]
                   1979 London Calling
                   1980 Sandinista!
                   1982 Combat Rock
                   1985 Cut the Crap

Career:
In 1976, Joe Strummer left his band called ‘the 101’ ers’, and then joined the London SS. This can be seen as the starting point of The Clash. Members of this band were Joe Strummer, Mick Jones, Paul Simonon and Terry Chines. Later they change their name to The Clash. They set band Sex Pistols as their role model and covered their songs. They signed the contract with CBS in 1977. In the same year, they released their self-titled album ‘The Clash’.

The horrible news
In 1977, the Punk Rock tried to make a music riot: they want to destroy the power of the queen; they want to destroy unfair social system and they want to destroy the original Rock music.
At 1970s, an increasing unemployment rate finally caused some serious strikes around London. In 1976, at Notting Hill broke out the most awful ethnic conflicts between Negro teenagers and policemen. Members of The Clash had seen the tough situation, the blood from the Negro teenagers. They created this song ‘White Riot ‘in order to show their position of supporting those Negros to revolt the inequality.


Lyrics:

White riot, I wanna riot                                                                   
White riot, a riot of my own
White riot, I wanna riot
White riot, a riot of my own

Black man gotta lot a problems   à Black man were suffering the unfair treatment
But they don’t mind throwing a brick
White people go to school     à   while those white people talked slickly but 
Where they teach you how to be thick       performed bad

An’ everybody’s doing                   à people kept on the rails and was 
Just what they’re told to                   controlled by the authority
An’ nobody wants
To go to jail

White riot, I wanna riot
White riot, a riot of my own
White riot, I wanna riot
White riot, a riot of my own


All the power’s in the hands    à all the powers were played by the rich and 
Of people rich enough to buy it           commoners were too afraid to say no, 
While we talk the street                  even just tried?
Too chicken to even try it

Everybody’s doing              à    people kept on the rails and was 
Just what they’re told to             controlled by the authority
Nobody wants
To go to jail

White riot, I wanna riot
White riot, a riot of my own
White riot, I wanna riot
White riot, a riot of my own

Are you takin’ over                  à people were taken over by the government
Or are you takin’ orders?
Are you goin’ backwards         à no matter going backwards or going forwards, 
Or are you goin’ forwards?                we just need to break!

White riot, I wanna riot
White riot, a riot of my own
White riot, I wanna riot
White riot, a riot of my own

I want White Riot

As far as I’m concerned, it is not a very nice song. Especially before I saw the lyrics, I only heard some sounds like ‘WA WA RA! WA WA RA!’ However, after I read the background information, then I started to understand the meaning and their spirits. It is a kind of last – ditch struggle. They want break out a riot, starting from the music industry. They want to get rid of the constraint and they want to change. This song makes some of the British blood boil.



Thursday, 10 October 2013

ICE COLD IN ALEX

When the first time I saw the name of this film, I thought it might be an adventurous film. Yesterday, I borrowed it from library,and watched it in evening. I have to say, it is worthy to see again. 

The background is World War II. The story was in north Africa, Libyan war zone in the hot Western Desert.
The British ambulance officer (well played by John Mills)escaped the siege in Tobruk and try to save his passengers to safety in Alexandria, where he could get an 'ice cold' glass of beer. His passengers include a nurse, a sergeant-major and a stray South African officer trying to return to his unit.They faced with German forces and the desert.While they coming over the problems, the South African officer tends to be strange. Anson, the sergeant and the nurse found him a German spy. They realized that every time they were in trouble with German patrol,the strange passenger can make it right.(Unbelievable)But they didn't alarm the spy. Instead, officer Anson devised a plan, in which the spy lost his transmitter, and almost died in the swamp. But Anson and the other two saved the spy. Then they had a talk about what to do next. The British officer didn't want to kill the spy due to some reasons.
Next day they were blocked by a sand hill. All of them work together to push the ambulance on to the top by asterning it. But when they almost get on the hill, the woman touched the axis, then the vehicle sliced down to the bottom...(when woman made a big mistake,let's see what men should do?) They push it again. Finally, they reach the Alex. They got the beer. But the spy realized some military police come to him to check his identification. He was in shock,and tried to find way to escape. But the three British saved him, and willing to keep the truth a secret.


It's really a British way of doing.
The spy saved them, and they saved the spy.




I would say this film talks more about Humanness rather than the war than other war films. As a doctor, as a human, he don't kill. That is the point.

The meaning was similar to Monk's thought i.e. to clear away the evil in him, and 
save his good nature.









BY THE WAY
Look What Has Time Done




Monday, 7 October 2013

Rupert Murdoch vs BBC

What are Rupert Murdoch's views on the BBC? Who is he and how important is he?



Who is Rupert Murdoch?

Keith Rupert Murdoch, AC, KSG (born 11 March 1931) is an Australian American media mogul. Murdoch became managing director of Australia's News Limited, inherited from his father, in 1952. He is the founder, Chairman and CEO of global media holding company News Corporation, the world's second-largest media conglomerate, and its successors News Corp and 21st Century Fox after the conglomerate split on 28 June 2013.


In the 1950s and '60s, he acquired various newspapers in Australia and New Zealand, before expanding into the United Kingdom in 1969, taking over the News of the World followed closely by The Sun. He moved to New York in 1974 to expand into the US market, but retained interests in Australia and Britain. In 1981, he bought The Times, his first British broadsheet, and became a naturalized US citizen in 1985.


In 1986, keen to adopt newer electronic publishing technologies, he consolidated his UK printing operations in Wapping, causing bitter industrial disputes. His News Corporation acquired Twentieth Century Fox (1985), HarperCollins (1989) and The Wall Street Journal (2007). He formed BSkyB in 1990 and during the 1990s expanded into Asian networks and South American television. By 2000 Murdoch's News Corporation owned over 800 companies in more than 50 countries with a net worth of over $5 billion.


In July 2011 Murdoch faced allegations that his companies, including the News of the World, owned by News Corporation, had been regularly hacking the phones of celebrities, royalty and public citizens. He faces police and government investigations into bribery and corruption by the British government and FBI investigations in the US. On 21 July 2012, Murdoch resigned as a director of News International.
What’s so special about Rupert?


Rupert Murdoch is, to state the obvious, a very influential and successful media magnate, although after the revelations at the Leveson Inquiry it is arguable whether this will continue to be so in the future. However, if that was all it would not mark him out as a uniquely powerful press proprietor, as it is here being argued; this ‘uniqueness’ can be attributed to three key factors.


First, media magnates, both past and present, have tended to use their media interests in one of a number of causes – to advance a political cause, their business interests, their family interests or simply, themselves; for Murdoch all four seem to be equally important.


Second, unlike most other magnates, Murdoch has not confined himself to one medium or one country, but has used his newspapers, broadcasting and online outlets to ruthlessly cross-promote his global media interests both to defend them against potential predators and to attack and undermine real and potential competitors.


Third, Murdoch is probably even more ruthless than other magnates. He is ruthless in both jettisoning executives and editors and, more importantly, in jettisoning publicly undertaken commitments when he believes his corporate interests require him to do so.In the words of one of the most distinguished editors that Murdoch ever sacked, Harold Evans,‘Murdoch is the Houdini of agreements’ (Evans, 2011: xxix).


Thus it could appear that these factors explain why those governments that have tried to regulate Murdoch have found it so difficult; but in addition, lurking beneath the surface a more subtle exercise of power is taking place, here termed Murdoch’s three-card trope, which has enabled him and his global interests to survive, prosper and expand – at least, that is, until the phone-hacking scandal broke.